Of the economies in the World Bank's latest release, Luxembourg has the highest technicians in R&D (per million people) (3,166 in 2017) and Togo the lowest (3.62 in 2018).
What this measures
The number of technicians participated in Research & Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Technicians and equivalent staff are people who perform scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers.
Each country's latest available year is shown; countries report on different schedules, so compare years before comparing values.
Ranking
| # | Economy | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Luxembourg | 3,166 | 2017 |
| 2 | Austria | 2,648 | 2017 |
| 3 | Iceland | 2,371 | 2017 |
| 4 | Czechia | 2,186 | 2018 |
| 5 | Germany | 2,007 | 2017 |
| 6 | Slovenia | 1,814 | 2017 |
| 7 | France | 1,806 | 2017 |
| 8 | Korea, Rep. | 1,311 | 2018 |
| 9 | United Kingdom | 1,305 | 2016 |
| 10 | New Zealand | 1,276 | 2017 |
| 11 | Canada | 1,268 | 2017 |
| 12 | Spain | 1,265 | 2017 |
| 13 | Ireland | 1,165 | 2017 |
| 14 | Malta | 885.98 | 2017 |
| 15 | Portugal | 780.06 | 2017 |
| 16 | Hungary | 770.31 | 2017 |
| 17 | Croatia | 714.11 | 2017 |
| 18 | Estonia | 654.85 | 2017 |
| 19 | Japan | 524.29 | 2018 |
| 20 | Slovak Republic | 520.63 | 2018 |
| 21 | Russian Federation | 437.84 | 2018 |
| 22 | Poland | 415.28 | 2017 |
| 23 | Serbia | 412.03 | 2018 |
| 24 | Argentina | 398.05 | 2018 |
| 25 | Singapore | 377.37 | 2017 |
| 26 | Egypt, Arab Rep. | 369.56 | 2018 |
| 27 | Türkiye | 353.74 | 2017 |
| 28 | Cyprus | 325.14 | 2017 |
| 29 | Hong Kong SAR, China | 315.8 | 2018 |
| 30 | Chile | 303.47 | 2017 |
| 31 | Thailand | 296.94 | 2017 |
| 32 | Romania | 278.82 | 2017 |
| 33 | Malaysia | 233.44 | 2018 |
| 34 | Macao SAR, China | 182.46 | 2018 |
| 35 | Ukraine | 150.14 | 2018 |
| 36 | Mexico | 140.3 | 2016 |
| 37 | South Africa | 129.51 | 2017 |
| 38 | Kazakhstan | 123.86 | 2018 |
| 39 | North Macedonia | 91.12 | 2018 |
| 40 | Moldova | 60.41 | 2018 |
| 41 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 50.93 | 2018 |
| 42 | Uzbekistan | 48.07 | 2018 |
| 43 | Kuwait | 45.2 | 2018 |
| 44 | Iraq | 22.98 | 2018 |
| 45 | Madagascar | 12.6 | 2018 |
| 46 | Guatemala | 10.96 | 2018 |
| 47 | Togo | 3.62 | 2018 |
Regions and income groups
| Region or group | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Central Europe and the Baltics | 656.65 | 2017 |
| Euro area | 1,681 | 2017 |
| Europe & Central Asia | 870.55 | 2017 |
| Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) | 223.49 | 2017 |
| Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD) | 331.39 | 2017 |
| European Union | 1,421 | 2017 |
More infrastructure indicators
- ICT service exports (BoP, current US$)
- ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP)
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
- Industrial design applications, nonresident, by count
- Industrial design applications, resident, by count
- Scientific and technical journal articles
- Patent applications, nonresidents
- Patent applications, residents
- Trademark applications, nonresident, by count
- Trademark applications, resident, by count
- Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide
- Air transport, freight (million ton-km)
Reading data like this
Source
World Bank, World Development Indicators, SP.POP.TECH.RD.P6, CC BY 4.0. Original source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS), UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: http://uis.unesco.org, note: Data as of March 2021, publisher: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) View on data.worldbank.org; the full definition is in the World Bank's metadata glossary.
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