Central Europe and the Baltics: Technicians in R&D (per million people)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2017, Central Europe and the Baltics' technicians in R&D (per million people) rose 31 on 2016 (from 625.65 to 656.65).

Across the 20 yearly changes before that (1997 to 2016), the average change was +1.16 and a typical year strayed about 32.04 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.9 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 65.11 in 2011 and the biggest yearly fall was 59.53 in 1997. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2008 to 2017 the straight-line trend is upward, about 24.2 a year. A straight line explains 84% of the movement over 10 observed years.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

What this measures

The number of technicians participated in Research & Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Technicians and equivalent staff are people who perform scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers.

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 22 values

Technicians in R&D (per million people) in nearby economies

• Egypt, Arab Rep. — 369.56 (2018)
• Iraq — 22.98 (2018)
• Kuwait — 45.2 (2018)
• Malta — 885.98 (2017)

More infrastructure data for Central Europe and the Baltics

• Fixed telephone subscriptions — 15.39 million (2022)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) — 14.73 (2022)
• Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide — 525,652 (2023)
• Air transport, freight (million ton-km) — 496.22 (2023)
• Air transport, passengers carried — 76.25 million (2023)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions — 130.27 million (2022)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) — 124.68 (2022)
• ICT service exports (BoP, current US$) — US$68.76 billion (2025)

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Questions people ask

What is Central Europe and the Baltics's technicians in R&D (per million people)?

656.65 in 2017, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 1996?

It is up 8.99% from 602.47 in 1996 (0.41% a year on average, compounded). The highest value was 656.65 in 2017 and the lowest 404.14 in 2003.

Is the latest change in technicians in R&D (per million people) unusual for Central Europe and the Baltics?

In 2017, Central Europe and the Baltics' technicians in R&D (per million people) rose 31 on 2016 (from 625.65 to 656.65). Across the 20 yearly changes before that (1997 to 2016), the average change was +1.16 and a typical year strayed about 32.04 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.9 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator SP.POP.TECH.RD.P6, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS), UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: http://uis.unesco.org, note: Data as of March 2021, publisher: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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