Of the economies in the World Bank's latest release, Israel has the highest research and development expenditure (% of GDP) (6.35% in 2023) and Guatemala the lowest (0.00609% in 2023). The world figure is 2.6% (2023).
What this measures
Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers. R&D totals from SNA accounts may differ from these estimates, due in part to the different treatments of software R&D in the totals.
Each country's latest available year is shown; countries report on different schedules, so compare years before comparing values.
Ranking
| # | Economy | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Israel | 6.35% | 2023 |
| 2 | Korea, Rep. | 4.94% | 2023 |
| 3 | Sweden | 3.6% | 2023 |
| 4 | United States | 3.45% | 2023 |
| 5 | Japan | 3.44% | 2023 |
| 6 | Belgium | 3.27% | 2023 |
| 7 | Austria | 3.26% | 2023 |
| 8 | Switzerland | 3.22% | 2023 |
| 9 | Germany | 3.15% | 2023 |
| 10 | Finland | 3.09% | 2023 |
| 11 | Denmark | 3.05% | 2023 |
| 12 | United Kingdom | 2.68% | 2023 |
| 13 | Iceland | 2.64% | 2023 |
| 14 | China | 2.58% | 2023 |
| 15 | Netherlands | 2.27% | 2023 |
| 16 | France | 2.18% | 2023 |
| 17 | Slovenia | 2.13% | 2023 |
| 18 | Australia | 1.86% | 2021 |
| 19 | Norway | 1.85% | 2023 |
| 20 | Estonia | 1.84% | 2023 |
| 21 | Czechia | 1.83% | 2023 |
| 22 | Singapore | 1.81% | 2022 |
| 23 | Canada | 1.79% | 2024 |
| 24 | Portugal | 1.69% | 2023 |
| 25 | Ireland | 1.59% | 2023 |
| 26 | Poland | 1.56% | 2023 |
| 27 | New Zealand | 1.55% | 2023 |
| 28 | Greece | 1.49% | 2023 |
| 29 | Spain | 1.49% | 2023 |
| 30 | Türkiye | 1.42% | 2023 |
| 31 | Croatia | 1.39% | 2023 |
| 32 | Italy | 1.38% | 2023 |
| 33 | Hungary | 1.38% | 2023 |
| 34 | Brazil | 1.19% | 2023 |
| 35 | Hong Kong SAR, China | 1.13% | 2024 |
| 36 | Luxembourg | 1.07% | 2023 |
| 37 | Lithuania | 1.05% | 2023 |
| 38 | Slovak Republic | 1.03% | 2023 |
| 39 | Egypt, Arab Rep. | 1.02% | 2024 |
| 40 | Malaysia | 1.01% | 2022 |
| 41 | Serbia | 0.94% | 2024 |
| 42 | Russian Federation | 0.94% | 2024 |
| 43 | Thailand | 0.94% | 2023 |
| 44 | Latvia | 0.82% | 2023 |
| 45 | Bulgaria | 0.79% | 2023 |
| 46 | Tunisia | 0.75% | 2019 |
| 47 | Iran, Islamic Rep. | 0.73% | 2021 |
| 48 | Uruguay | 0.7% | 2023 |
| 49 | Cyprus | 0.68% | 2023 |
| 50 | Malta | 0.65% | 2023 |
| 51 | India | 0.65% | 2020 |
| 52 | Saudi Arabia | 0.64% | 2024 |
| 53 | South Africa | 0.61% | 2022 |
| 54 | Argentina | 0.6% | 2023 |
| 55 | Belarus | 0.59% | 2024 |
| 56 | Romania | 0.52% | 2023 |
| 57 | Cuba | 0.44% | 2024 |
| 58 | Uganda | 0.44% | 2023 |
| 59 | Chile | 0.39% | 2022 |
| 60 | Oman | 0.39% | 2024 |
| 61 | North Macedonia | 0.37% | 2024 |
| 62 | Ukraine | 0.37% | 2024 |
| 63 | Montenegro | 0.36% | 2019 |
| 64 | Costa Rica | 0.34% | 2023 |
| 65 | Macao SAR, China | 0.31% | 2024 |
| 66 | Colombia | 0.29% | 2020 |
| 67 | Armenia | 0.29% | 2024 |
| 68 | Philippines | 0.28% | 2020 |
| 69 | Georgia | 0.26% | 2024 |
| 70 | Mauritius | 0.26% | 2024 |
| 71 | Mexico | 0.25% | 2024 |
| 72 | Bermuda | 0.23% | 2020 |
| 73 | Moldova | 0.22% | 2024 |
| 74 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 0.21% | 2024 |
| 75 | Azerbaijan | 0.21% | 2024 |
| 76 | Panama | 0.2% | 2024 |
| 77 | Peru | 0.18% | 2023 |
| 78 | Pakistan | 0.16% | 2023 |
| 79 | Kazakhstan | 0.16% | 2024 |
| 80 | Paraguay | 0.14% | 2023 |
| 81 | Sri Lanka | 0.11% | 2022 |
| 82 | Burkina Faso | 0.1% | 2024 |
| 83 | Uzbekistan | 0.1% | 2024 |
| 84 | El Salvador | 0.1% | 2023 |
| 85 | Tajikistan | 0.09% | 2020 |
| 86 | Kuwait | 0.09% | 2024 |
| 87 | Mongolia | 0.08% | 2022 |
| 88 | Bolivia | 0.06% | 2021 |
| 89 | Kyrgyz Republic | 0.05% | 2024 |
| 90 | Trinidad and Tobago | 0.05% | 2022 |
| 91 | Iraq | 0.04% | 2021 |
| 92 | Myanmar | 0.02% | 2023 |
| 93 | Madagascar | 0.01% | 2017 |
| 94 | Guatemala | 0.00609% | 2023 |
Regions and income groups
| Region or group | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Central Europe and the Baltics | 1.34% | 2023 |
| Early-demographic dividend | 0.8% | 2020 |
| East Asia & Pacific | 2.78% | 2023 |
| East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) | 2.48% | 2023 |
| East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD) | 2.48% | 2023 |
| Euro area | 2.29% | 2023 |
| Europe & Central Asia | 2.14% | 2023 |
| Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) | 0.9% | 2023 |
| Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD) | 0.99% | 2023 |
| European Union | 2.26% | 2023 |
| High income | 2.88% | 2023 |
| IBRD only | 1.88% | 2023 |
| IDA & IBRD total | 1.84% | 2023 |
| Late-demographic dividend | 2.09% | 2023 |
| Latin America & Caribbean | 0.68% | 2023 |
| Latin America & Caribbean (excluding high income) | 0.7% | 2023 |
| Latin America & Caribbean (IDA & IBRD) | 0.68% | 2023 |
| Low & middle income | 1.95% | 2023 |
| Middle income | 1.95% | 2023 |
| North America | 3.33% | 2023 |
| OECD members | 2.93% | 2023 |
| Other small states | 1.37% | 2023 |
| Post-demographic dividend | 3.03% | 2023 |
| South Asia | 0.63% | 2020 |
| South Asia (IDA & IBRD) | 0.63% | 2020 |
| Upper middle income | 2.01% | 2023 |
| World | 2.6% | 2023 |
More infrastructure indicators
- ICT service exports (BoP, current US$)
- ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP)
- Industrial design applications, nonresident, by count
- Industrial design applications, resident, by count
- Scientific and technical journal articles
- Patent applications, nonresidents
- Patent applications, residents
- Trademark applications, nonresident, by count
- Trademark applications, resident, by count
- Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide
- Air transport, freight (million ton-km)
- Air transport, passengers carried
Reading data like this
Source
World Bank, World Development Indicators, GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, CC BY 4.0. Original source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 View on data.worldbank.org; the full definition is in the World Bank's metadata glossary.
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