Montenegro: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Key figures

Over five years it is up 0.00008 percentage points from 0.36% in 2014. Since 2003 it is down 0.43 percentage points from 0.8% in 2003. The World Bank has no value for 4 of the years in between; the chart leaves those gaps open rather than joining across them.

What the numbers say

In 2019, Montenegro's research and development expenditure (% of GDP) fell 0.14 percentage points on 2018 (from 0.5% to 0.36%).

Across the 9 yearly changes before that (2004 to 2018), the average change was +0.05 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 0.14 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 1.4 standard deviations below that average, so it was larger than a typical year, though not out of the range seen before.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 0.31 percentage points in 2006 and the biggest yearly fall was 0.14 percentage points in 2019. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2011 to 2019 there is no clear straight-line trend: a straight line explains 22% of the movement over 8 observed years, so the value is moving around more than it is heading anywhere.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

How it compares

See how every economy compares in the full ranking.

Closest to Montenegro in the 2019 ranking

• Tunisia — 1st of 2: 0.75%

What this measures

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers. R&D totals from SNA accounts may differ from these estimates, due in part to the different treatments of software R&D in the totals.

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 13 values

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in nearby economies

• Armenia — 0.29% (2024)
• Austria — 3.26% (2023)
• Azerbaijan — 0.21% (2024)
• Belarus — 0.59% (2024)
• Belgium — 3.27% (2023)
• Bosnia and Herzegovina — 0.21% (2024)
• Bulgaria — 0.79% (2023)
• Croatia — 1.39% (2023)
• Cyprus — 0.68% (2023)
• Czechia

More infrastructure data for Montenegro

• Medium and high-tech exports (% manufactured exports) — 35.54% (2024)
• Scientific and technical journal articles — 254.67 (2023)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions — 1.42 million (2024)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) — 221.69 (2024)
• Individuals using the Internet (% of population) — 88.88% (2024)
• Railways, passengers carried (million passenger-km) — 27.8 (2020)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions — 192,212 (2024)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) — 30.1 (2024)
• ICT service exports (BoP, current US$) — US$193.63 million (2025)

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Questions people ask

What is Montenegro's research and development expenditure (% of GDP)?

0.36% in 2019, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2003?

It is down 0.43 percentage points from 0.8% in 2003. The highest value was 1.23% in 2006 and the lowest 0.31% in 2011.

Is the latest change in research and development expenditure (% of GDP) unusual for Montenegro?

In 2019, Montenegro's research and development expenditure (% of GDP) fell 0.14 percentage points on 2018 (from 0.5% to 0.36%). Across the 9 yearly changes before that (2004 to 2018), the average change was +0.05 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 0.14 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 1.4 standard deviations below that average, so it was larger than a typical year, though not out of the range seen before.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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