Iraq: Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2021, Iraq's research and development expenditure (% of GDP) rose 0 percentage points on 2020 (from 0.04% to 0.04%).

Across the 10 yearly changes before that (2008 to 2020), the average change was −0 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 0.01 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.1 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 0.01 percentage points in 2009 and the biggest yearly fall was 0.01 percentage points in 2008. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2014 to 2021 there is no clear straight-line trend: a straight line explains less than 1% of the movement over 8 observed years, so the value is moving around more than it is heading anywhere.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

How it compares

See how every economy compares in the full ranking.

Closest to Iraq in the 2021 ranking

• Australia — 1st of 4: 1.86%
• Iran, Islamic Rep. — 2nd of 4: 0.73%
• Bolivia — 3rd of 4: 0.06%

What this measures

Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D), expressed as a percent of GDP. They include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers. R&D totals from SNA accounts may differ from these estimates, due in part to the different treatments of software R&D in the totals.

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 13 values

Research and development expenditure (% of GDP) in nearby economies

• Egypt, Arab Rep. — 1.02% (2024)
• Iran, Islamic Rep. — 0.73% (2021)
• Israel — 6.35% (2023)
• Kuwait — 0.09% (2024)
• Malta — 0.65% (2023)
• Oman — 0.39% (2024)
• Pakistan — 0.16% (2023)
• Saudi Arabia — 0.64% (2024)
• Tunisia — 0.75% (2019)

More infrastructure data for Iraq

• Mobile cellular subscriptions — 46.08 million (2024)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) — 100.08 (2024)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) — 11.46 (2024)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions — 5.28 million (2024)
• Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide — 36,885 (2023)
• Air transport, passengers carried — 3.76 million (2023)
• Medium and high-tech exports (% manufactured exports) — 0.44% (2024)
• Air transport, freight (million ton-km) — 0 (2023)
• Scientific and technical journal articles — 16,724 (2023)
• Individuals using the Internet (% of population)

Reading data like this

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Questions people ask

What is Iraq's research and development expenditure (% of GDP)?

0.04% in 2021, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2007?

It is down 0.00484 percentage points from 0.05% in 2007. The highest value was 0.05% in 2017 and the lowest 0.03% in 2019.

Is the latest change in research and development expenditure (% of GDP) unusual for Iraq?

In 2021, Iraq's research and development expenditure (% of GDP) rose 0 percentage points on 2020 (from 0.04% to 0.04%). Across the 10 yearly changes before that (2008 to 2020), the average change was −0 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 0.01 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.1 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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