Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income): Technicians in R&D (per million people)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2017, Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)'s technicians in R&D (per million people) rose 5.41 on 2016 (from 218.07 to 223.49).

Across the 10 yearly changes before that (2007 to 2016), the average change was +5.21 and a typical year strayed about 12.33 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.0 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 37.23 in 2016 and the biggest yearly fall was 9.46 in 2008. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2008 to 2017 the straight-line trend is upward, about 7.21 a year. A straight line explains 82% of the movement over 10 observed years.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

What this measures

The number of technicians participated in Research & Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Technicians and equivalent staff are people who perform scientific and technical tasks involving the application of concepts and operational methods, normally under the supervision of researchers. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers.

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 12 values

Technicians in R&D (per million people) in nearby economies

• Egypt, Arab Rep. — 369.56 (2018)
• Iraq — 22.98 (2018)
• Kuwait — 45.2 (2018)
• Malta — 885.98 (2017)

More infrastructure data for Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)

• Mobile cellular subscriptions — 299 million (2025)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) — 117.3 (2025)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions — 29 million (2025)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) — 11.4 (2025)
• Air transport, freight (million ton-km) — 10,188 (2023)
• Air transport, passengers carried — 156.23 million (2023)
• Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide — 1.06 million (2023)
• Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)

Reading data like this

• Where to find free public data, and how to check it before you trust it — 2 min read
• Data analysis examples: 6 worked from one dataset — 3 min read
• Real change or random noise? A plain guide to reading your numbers — 2 min read

Questions people ask

What is Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)'s technicians in R&D (per million people)?

223.49 in 2017, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2006?

It is up 34.62% from 166.01 in 2006 (2.74% a year on average, compounded). The highest value was 223.49 in 2017 and the lowest 152.01 in 2008.

Is the latest change in technicians in R&D (per million people) unusual for Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)?

In 2017, Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income)'s technicians in R&D (per million people) rose 5.41 on 2016 (from 218.07 to 223.49). Across the 10 yearly changes before that (2007 to 2016), the average change was +5.21 and a typical year strayed about 12.33 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.0 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator SP.POP.TECH.RD.P6, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS), UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: http://uis.unesco.org, note: Data as of March 2021, publisher: UNESCO Institute of Statistics (UIS) Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

Want to ask your own questions of data like this? Try AnalyzeIt: upload a file or ask about public data in plain words, and every figure comes with its working.