Of the economies in the World Bank's latest release, Korea, Rep. has the highest researchers in R&D (per million people) (9,472 in 2023) and Guatemala the lowest (1.45 in 2023).
What this measures
The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.
Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers.
Each country's latest available year is shown; countries report on different schedules, so compare years before comparing values.
Ranking
| # | Economy | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Korea, Rep. | 9,472 | 2023 |
| 2 | Sweden | 8,911 | 2023 |
| 3 | Denmark | 8,838 | 2023 |
| 4 | Singapore | 8,782 | 2022 |
| 5 | Finland | 8,315 | 2023 |
| 6 | Norway | 7,451 | 2023 |
| 7 | Austria | 6,634 | 2023 |
| 8 | Netherlands | 6,563 | 2023 |
| 9 | Switzerland | 6,108 | 2023 |
| 10 | Belgium | 5,990 | 2023 |
| 11 | Portugal | 5,983 | 2023 |
| 12 | Iceland | 5,953 | 2023 |
| 13 | Germany | 5,926 | 2023 |
| 14 | Hong Kong SAR, China | 5,874 | 2024 |
| 15 | Ireland | 5,753 | 2023 |
| 16 | Canada | 5,624 | 2022 |
| 17 | Slovenia | 5,616 | 2023 |
| 18 | Japan | 5,609 | 2023 |
| 19 | New Zealand | 5,435 | 2023 |
| 20 | France | 5,369 | 2023 |
| 21 | Luxembourg | 5,359 | 2023 |
| 22 | Greece | 5,283 | 2023 |
| 23 | United States | 4,937 | 2022 |
| 24 | Estonia | 4,800 | 2023 |
| 25 | Macao SAR, China | 4,634 | 2024 |
| 26 | Hungary | 4,567 | 2023 |
| 27 | Czechia | 4,505 | 2023 |
| 28 | United Kingdom | 4,473 | 2017 |
| 29 | Lithuania | 3,704 | 2023 |
| 30 | Poland | 3,675 | 2023 |
| 31 | Spain | 3,654 | 2023 |
| 32 | Slovak Republic | 3,507 | 2023 |
| 33 | Italy | 2,855 | 2023 |
| 34 | Serbia | 2,688 | 2024 |
| 35 | Türkiye | 2,645 | 2023 |
| 36 | Russian Federation | 2,639 | 2024 |
| 37 | Croatia | 2,440 | 2023 |
| 38 | Bulgaria | 2,401 | 2023 |
| 39 | Malta | 2,355 | 2023 |
| 40 | Iran, Islamic Rep. | 2,240 | 2021 |
| 41 | Latvia | 2,191 | 2023 |
| 42 | China | 2,107 | 2023 |
| 43 | Georgia | 1,896 | 2024 |
| 44 | Cyprus | 1,686 | 2023 |
| 45 | Tunisia | 1,668 | 2024 |
| 46 | Thailand | 1,592 | 2023 |
| 47 | Argentina | 1,313 | 2023 |
| 48 | Malaysia | 1,218 | 2022 |
| 49 | Egypt, Arab Rep. | 1,120 | 2024 |
| 50 | Romania | 1,082 | 2023 |
| 51 | Uruguay | 937.57 | 2024 |
| 52 | North Macedonia | 888.07 | 2024 |
| 53 | Kazakhstan | 758.01 | 2024 |
| 54 | Oman | 739.41 | 2024 |
| 55 | Chile | 707.06 | 2022 |
| 56 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 705.16 | 2024 |
| 57 | Moldova | 649.94 | 2024 |
| 58 | Uzbekistan | 639.54 | 2024 |
| 59 | Ukraine | 586.08 | 2022 |
| 60 | Costa Rica | 507.76 | 2023 |
| 61 | Pakistan | 473.72 | 2023 |
| 62 | South Africa | 444.16 | 2022 |
| 63 | Mexico | 438.25 | 2024 |
| 64 | Philippines | 320.28 | 2020 |
| 65 | Panama | 250.47 | 2024 |
| 66 | Venezuela, RB | 179.96 | 2023 |
| 67 | Iraq | 164.29 | 2021 |
| 68 | Kuwait | 144.75 | 2024 |
| 69 | Paraguay | 138.79 | 2023 |
| 70 | Sri Lanka | 94.49 | 2022 |
| 71 | Bolivia | 63.06 | 2021 |
| 72 | Togo | 57.79 | 2024 |
| 73 | Madagascar | 32.94 | 2018 |
| 74 | Myanmar | 28.01 | 2023 |
| 75 | Guatemala | 1.45 | 2023 |
Regions and income groups
| Region or group | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|
| Central Europe and the Baltics | 3,248 | 2023 |
| East Asia & Pacific | 2,426 | 2023 |
| East Asia & Pacific (excluding high income) | 1,938 | 2023 |
| East Asia & Pacific (IDA & IBRD) | 1,938 | 2023 |
| Euro area | 4,867 | 2023 |
| Europe & Central Asia | 3,715 | 2023 |
| Europe & Central Asia (excluding high income) | 1,773 | 2023 |
| Europe & Central Asia (IDA & IBRD) | 2,258 | 2023 |
| European Union | 4,741 | 2023 |
| High income | 4,607 | 2022 |
| Late-demographic dividend | 2,060 | 2023 |
| North America | 5,009 | 2022 |
| OECD members | 4,464 | 2022 |
| Post-demographic dividend | 5,053 | 2022 |
| Upper middle income | 1,476 | 2021 |
More infrastructure indicators
- ICT service exports (BoP, current US$)
- ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP)
- Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)
- Industrial design applications, nonresident, by count
- Industrial design applications, resident, by count
- Scientific and technical journal articles
- Patent applications, nonresidents
- Patent applications, residents
- Trademark applications, nonresident, by count
- Trademark applications, resident, by count
- Air transport, registered carrier departures worldwide
- Air transport, freight (million ton-km)
Reading data like this
Source
World Bank, World Development Indicators, SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6, CC BY 4.0. Original source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 View on data.worldbank.org; the full definition is in the World Bank's metadata glossary.
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