Europe & Central Asia: Researchers in R&D (per million people)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2023, Europe & Central Asia's researchers in R&D (per million people) rose 274.79 on 2022 (from 3,440 to 3,715).

Across the 26 yearly changes before that (1997 to 2022), the average change was +44.86 and a typical year strayed about 53.79 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 4.3 standard deviations above that average, so it was unusually large compared with the rest of the record.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 274.79 in 2023 and the biggest yearly fall was 60.26 in 1998. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2014 to 2023 the straight-line trend is upward, about 75.38 a year. A straight line explains 88% of the movement over 10 observed years.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

A straight-line projection, tested first

Extending that straight line gives about 3,724 for 2026. We show this only because the same method, fitted on earlier years, predicted 2021 to 2023 better than "no change" would have: its average miss was 164.07, against 301.39 for assuming no change. Treat it as a continuation of the recent pattern, not a forecast of events: it cannot see a recession, a policy change or a revision to the data.

See how a linear trend forecast works and the guide on forecasting without fooling yourself.

What this measures

The number of researchers engaged in Research &Development (R&D), expressed as per million. Researchers are professionals who conduct research and improve or develop concepts, theories, models techniques instrumentation, software of operational methods. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.

Limitations: Estimates of the resources allocated to R&D are affected by national characteristics such as the periodicity and coverage of national R&D surveys across institutional sectors and industries; and the use of different sampling and estimation methods. R&D typically involves a few large performers, hence R&D surveys use various techniques to maintain up-to-date registers of known performers, while attempting to identify new or occasional performers.

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 28 values

Researchers in R&D (per million people) in nearby economies

• Egypt, Arab Rep. — 1,120 (2024)
• Iran, Islamic Rep. — 2,240 (2021)
• Iraq — 164.29 (2021)
• Kuwait — 144.75 (2024)
• Malta — 2,355 (2023)
• Oman — 739.41 (2024)
• Pakistan — 473.72 (2023)
• Tunisia — 1,668 (2024)

More infrastructure data for Europe & Central Asia

• Fixed telephone subscriptions — 217 million (2025)
• Fixed telephone subscriptions (per 100 people) — 23.3 (2025)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions — 1.25 billion (2025)
• Mobile cellular subscriptions (per 100 people) — 134.6 (2025)
• Industrial design applications, nonresident, by count — 152,016 (2024)
• Industrial design applications, resident, by count — 263,560 (2024)
• Patent applications, nonresidents — 161,435 (2024)
• Patent applications, residents — 214,026 (2024)
• ICT service exports (% of service exports, BoP)

Reading data like this

• Where to find free public data, and how to check it before you trust it — 2 min read
• Data analysis examples: 6 worked from one dataset — 3 min read
• Real change or random noise? A plain guide to reading your numbers — 2 min read

Questions people ask

What is Europe & Central Asia's researchers in R&D (per million people)?

3,715 in 2023, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 1996?

It is up 63.39% from 2,274 in 1996 (1.83% a year on average, compounded). The highest value was 3,715 in 2023 and the lowest 2,173 in 1998.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator SP.POP.SCIE.RD.P6, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Stat Bulk Data Download Service, UN Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), uri: https://databrowser.uis.unesco.org/resources/bulk, publisher: UNESCO Institute for Statistics (UIS), date accessed: 2025-03-26, date published: 2025-02 Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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