Of the economies in the World Bank's latest release, Chad has the highest vulnerable employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate) (96.2% in 2025) and Bahrain the lowest (0.62% in 2025). The world figure is 43.12% (2025).
What this measures
Vulnerable employment is contributing family workers and own-account workers as a percentage of total employment.
Limitations: Data are drawn from labor force surveys and household surveys, supplemented by official estimates and censuses for a small group of countries. Due to differences in definitions and coverage across countries, there are limitations for comparing data across countries and over time even within a country. Estimates of women in employment are not comparable internationally, reflecting that demographic, social, legal, and cultural trends and norms determine whether women's activities are regarded as economic.
Each country's latest available year is shown; countries report on different schedules, so compare years before comparing values.
Ranking
| # | Economy | Latest value | Year |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Chad | 96.2% | 2025 |
| 2 | Niger | 93.24% | 2025 |
| 3 | Afghanistan | 92.92% | 2025 |
| 4 | Sierra Leone | 91.35% | 2025 |
| 5 | Mozambique | 90.68% | 2025 |
| 6 | Nepal | 90.3% | 2025 |
| 7 | Burundi | 89.99% | 2025 |
| 8 | Liberia | 89.7% | 2025 |
| 9 | Congo, Rep. | 89.61% | 2025 |
| 10 | Tanzania | 89.49% | 2025 |
| 11 | Madagascar | 88.09% | 2025 |
| 12 | Burkina Faso | 87.72% | 2025 |
| 13 | Congo, Dem. Rep. | 87.38% | 2025 |
| 14 | Guinea | 86.64% | 2025 |
| 15 | Ethiopia | 86.53% | 2025 |
| 16 | Guinea-Bissau | 85.16% | 2025 |
| 17 | Central African Republic | 85% | 2025 |
| 18 | Togo | 84.15% | 2025 |
| 19 | Uganda | 83.68% | 2025 |
| 20 | Haiti | 83.61% | 2025 |
| 21 | Benin | 83.47% | 2025 |
| 22 | South Sudan | 82.8% | 2023 |
| 23 | Bhutan | 82.01% | 2025 |
| 24 | Angola | 81.5% | 2025 |
| 25 | Mali | 81.42% | 2025 |
| 26 | Lao PDR | 81.18% | 2025 |
| 27 | Gambia, The | 80.68% | 2025 |
| 28 | Côte d'Ivoire | 80.13% | 2025 |
| 29 | Papua New Guinea | 79.48% | 2025 |
| 30 | Solomon Islands | 79.14% | 2025 |
| 31 | Zambia | 79.1% | 2025 |
| 32 | Nigeria | 79.08% | 2025 |
| 33 | India | 78.24% | 2025 |
| 34 | Cameroon | 77.12% | 2025 |
| 35 | Zimbabwe | 76.64% | 2025 |
| 36 | Senegal | 75.63% | 2025 |
| 37 | Pakistan | 73.23% | 2025 |
| 38 | Kenya | 73.2% | 2025 |
| 39 | Mauritania | 71.09% | 2025 |
| 40 | Comoros | 68.46% | 2025 |
| 41 | Bolivia | 67.59% | 2025 |
| 42 | Ghana | 66.83% | 2025 |
| 43 | Malawi | 66.35% | 2025 |
| 44 | Bangladesh | 64.62% | 2025 |
| 45 | Timor-Leste | 64.17% | 2025 |
| 46 | Myanmar | 63.87% | 2025 |
| 47 | Yemen, Rep. | 62.75% | 2025 |
| 48 | Vanuatu | 61.98% | 2025 |
| 49 | Korea, Dem. People's Rep. | 61.38% | 2025 |
| 50 | Somalia, Fed. Rep. | 60.18% | 2025 |
| 51 | Moldova | 59.41% | 2025 |
| 52 | Ecuador | 59.16% | 2025 |
| 53 | Indonesia | 58.51% | 2025 |
| 54 | Azerbaijan | 58.49% | 2025 |
| 55 | Cambodia | 58.09% | 2025 |
| 56 | Viet Nam | 57.1% | 2025 |
| 57 | Eritrea | 56.14% | 2025 |
| 58 | Sudan | 55.51% | 2022 |
| 59 | Peru | 52.51% | 2025 |
| 60 | Guatemala | 51.37% | 2025 |
| 61 | Djibouti | 48.16% | 2025 |
| 62 | Thailand | 48.14% | 2025 |
| 63 | Honduras | 47.04% | 2025 |
| 64 | Nicaragua | 46.26% | 2025 |
| 65 | Albania | 46.01% | 2025 |
| 66 | Cabo Verde | 44.68% | 2025 |
| 67 | Rwanda | 43.09% | 2025 |
| 68 | Colombia | 40.76% | 2025 |
| 69 | Georgia | 40.4% | 2025 |
| 70 | Sri Lanka | 39.38% | 2025 |
| 71 | Philippines | 39.26% | 2025 |
| 72 | El Salvador | 39.04% | 2025 |
| 73 | Paraguay | 38.18% | 2025 |
| 74 | Gabon | 36.97% | 2025 |
| 75 | Namibia | 36.56% | 2025 |
| 76 | Mongolia | 36.49% | 2025 |
| 77 | Iraq | 36.05% | 2025 |
| 78 | Samoa | 35.79% | 2025 |
| 79 | São Tomé and Principe | 35.78% | 2025 |
| 80 | Venezuela, RB | 35.63% | 2025 |
| 81 | Iran, Islamic Rep. | 35.6% | 2025 |
| 82 | Panama | 35.59% | 2025 |
| 83 | Tonga | 34.45% | 2025 |
| 84 | Belize | 34.21% | 2025 |
| 85 | Armenia | 34.08% | 2025 |
| 86 | Tajikistan | 33.35% | 2025 |
| 87 | Eswatini | 33.03% | 2025 |
| 88 | China | 32.68% | 2025 |
| 89 | Fiji | 30.65% | 2025 |
| 90 | Maldives | 30.54% | 2025 |
| 91 | Dominican Republic | 29.37% | 2025 |
| 92 | Egypt, Arab Rep. | 29.28% | 2025 |
| 93 | Lesotho | 28.95% | 2025 |
| 94 | Equatorial Guinea | 28.69% | 2025 |
| 95 | Mexico | 27.86% | 2025 |
| 96 | Turkmenistan | 27.52% | 2025 |
| 97 | Jamaica | 27.4% | 2025 |
| 98 | Botswana | 26.71% | 2025 |
| 99 | Türkiye | 25.59% | 2025 |
| 100 | Kyrgyz Republic | 25.34% | 2025 |
| 101 | Guyana | 25.24% | 2025 |
| 102 | Kazakhstan | 24.46% | 2025 |
| 103 | Uruguay | 23.45% | 2025 |
| 104 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 23.23% | 2025 |
| 105 | Syrian Arab Republic | 22.7% | 2025 |
| 106 | Morocco | 22.59% | 2025 |
| 107 | Uzbekistan | 22.09% | 2025 |
| 108 | Serbia | 21.7% | 2025 |
| 109 | Brazil | 21.67% | 2025 |
| 110 | Algeria | 21.24% | 2025 |
| 111 | Chile | 20.99% | 2025 |
| 112 | Costa Rica | 20.92% | 2025 |
| 113 | West Bank and Gaza | 20.88% | 2022 |
| 114 | St. Vincent and the Grenadines | 20.56% | 2025 |
| 115 | Argentina | 20.51% | 2025 |
| 116 | Greece | 20.3% | 2025 |
| 117 | Libya | 19.17% | 2025 |
| 118 | Ukraine | 18.23% | 2021 |
| 119 | Suriname | 16.71% | 2025 |
| 120 | Korea, Rep. | 16.21% | 2025 |
| 121 | St. Lucia | 16.05% | 2025 |
| 122 | Cuba | 15.8% | 2025 |
| 123 | Malaysia | 14.97% | 2025 |
| 124 | Trinidad and Tobago | 13.89% | 2025 |
| 125 | Barbados | 12.71% | 2025 |
| 126 | French Polynesia | 12.5% | 2025 |
| 127 | Tunisia | 11.95% | 2025 |
| 128 | Italy | 11.77% | 2025 |
| 129 | South Africa | 11.44% | 2025 |
| 130 | Lebanon | 11.31% | 2023 |
| 131 | Poland | 11.13% | 2025 |
| 132 | Guam | 11.09% | 2025 |
| 133 | New Zealand | 10.94% | 2025 |
| 134 | Netherlands | 10.88% | 2025 |
| 135 | Romania | 10.3% | 2025 |
| 136 | Czechia | 10.07% | 2025 |
| 137 | Montenegro | 9.93% | 2025 |
| 138 | Bahamas, The | 9.81% | 2025 |
| 139 | Switzerland | 9.75% | 2025 |
| 140 | Mauritius | 9.61% | 2025 |
| 141 | New Caledonia | 9.45% | 2025 |
| 142 | North Macedonia | 9.28% | 2025 |
| 143 | United Kingdom | 8.99% | 2025 |
| 144 | Belgium | 8.94% | 2025 |
| 145 | Latvia | 8.45% | 2025 |
| 146 | Canada | 8.39% | 2025 |
| 147 | Portugal | 8.36% | 2025 |
| 148 | Malta | 8.2% | 2025 |
| 149 | Spain | 8.13% | 2025 |
| 150 | Slovenia | 8.07% | 2025 |
| 151 | Lithuania | 7.85% | 2025 |
| 152 | France | 7.83% | 2025 |
| 153 | Australia | 7.78% | 2025 |
| 154 | Cyprus | 7.34% | 2025 |
| 155 | Austria | 7.18% | 2025 |
| 156 | Luxembourg | 7.15% | 2025 |
| 157 | Israel | 6.93% | 2025 |
| 158 | Japan | 6.88% | 2025 |
| 159 | Hungary | 6.86% | 2025 |
| 160 | Finland | 6.7% | 2025 |
| 161 | Slovak Republic | 6.68% | 2025 |
| 162 | Belarus | 6.36% | 2025 |
| 163 | Puerto Rico (US) | 6.26% | 2025 |
| 164 | Iceland | 6.17% | 2025 |
| 165 | Singapore | 6.15% | 2025 |
| 166 | Brunei Darussalam | 6.08% | 2025 |
| 167 | Ireland | 5.79% | 2025 |
| 168 | Bulgaria | 5.76% | 2025 |
| 169 | Oman | 5.57% | 2025 |
| 170 | Estonia | 5.35% | 2025 |
| 171 | Sweden | 4.74% | 2025 |
| 172 | Russian Federation | 4.71% | 2025 |
| 173 | Denmark | 4.47% | 2025 |
| 174 | Croatia | 4.33% | 2025 |
| 175 | Saudi Arabia | 4.13% | 2025 |
| 176 | Virgin Islands (US) | 4.11% | 2025 |
| 177 | Germany | 3.9% | 2025 |
| 178 | Hong Kong SAR, China | 3.79% | 2025 |
| 179 | Norway | 2.98% | 2025 |
| 180 | United States | 2.62% | 2025 |
| 181 | Channel Islands | 2.46% | 2025 |
| 182 | United Arab Emirates | 2.46% | 2025 |
| 183 | Macao SAR, China | 2.31% | 2025 |
| 184 | Jordan | 2.12% | 2025 |
| 185 | Qatar | 0.72% | 2025 |
| 186 | Kuwait | 0.66% | 2025 |
| 187 | Bahrain | 0.62% | 2025 |
Regions and income groups
More social protection & labor indicators
- Employment in agriculture, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employment in agriculture, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employment in agriculture (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female (%) (national estimate)
- Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, female (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%) (national estimate)
- Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, male (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (national estimate)
- Employment to population ratio, ages 15-24, total (%) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employers, female (% of female employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employers, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
- Employers, total (% of total employment) (modeled ILO estimate)
Reading data like this
Source
World Bank, World Development Indicators, SL.EMP.VULN.FE.ZS, CC BY 4.0. Original source: ILO Modelled Estimates database (ILOEST), International Labour Organization (ILO), uri: https://ilostat.ilo.org/data/bulk/, publisher: ILOSTAT, type: estimates based on external database; Staff estimates, World Bank (WB) View on data.worldbank.org; the full definition is in the World Bank's metadata glossary.
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