Poland's gross capital formation (annual % growth) was 4.8% in 2025, the latest year in the World Bank's World Development Indicators. That is down 0.65 percentage points from 5.46% in 2015.
Key figures
| Value | Year | |
|---|---|---|
| Latest | 4.8% | 2025 |
| Five years earlier | -8.05% | 2020 |
| Ten years earlier | 5.46% | 2015 |
| Highest | 24.65% | 2007 |
| Lowest | -16.55% | 2023 |
| Average since 2016 | 3.27% | 2016–2025 |
| First recorded | 17.69% | 1996 |
What the numbers say
In 2025, Poland's gross capital formation (annual % growth) rose 0.15 percentage points on 2024 (from 4.65% to 4.8%).
Across the 28 yearly changes before that (1997 to 2024), the average change was −0.47 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 14.1 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.0 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.
On record, the biggest yearly rise was 27.49 percentage points in 2021 and the biggest yearly fall was 24.24 percentage points in 2023. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.
From 2016 to 2025 there is no clear straight-line trend: a straight line explains 1% of the movement over 10 observed years, so the value is moving around more than it is heading anywhere.
Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.
How it compares
In 2025, Poland had the 63rd highest value of the 123 economies reporting that year. Higher is not always better: for some indicators the lowest value is the one to aim for. See the full ranking.
| Value | Year | |
|---|---|---|
| Poland | 4.8% | 2025 |
| World | 2.87% | 2025 |
| Europe & Central Asia | 3.62% | 2025 |
| High income | 1.13% | 2024 |
Closest to Poland in the 2025 ranking
- Romania — 60th of 123: 5.43%
- Estonia — 61st of 123: 5.4%
- Congo, Rep. — 62nd of 123: 4.93%
- Serbia — 64th of 123: 4.76%
- West Bank and Gaza — 65th of 123: 4.62%
- Czechia — 66th of 123: 4.55%
What this measures
Gross capital formation includes acquisitions less disposals of produced assets for purposes of fixed capital formation, inventories or valuables. This indicator denotes the percentage change over each previous year of the constant price (base year 2015) series in United States dollars.
Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.
All 30 values
| Year | Gross capital formation (annual % growth) |
|---|---|
| 2025 | 4.8 |
| 2024 | 4.65 |
| 2023 | -16.55 |
| 2022 | 7.69 |
| 2021 | 19.43 |
| 2020 | -8.05 |
| 2019 | 1.67 |
| 2018 | 14.7 |
| 2017 | 5.76 |
| 2016 | -1.41 |
| 2015 |
Gross capital formation (annual % growth) in nearby economies
More economic policy & debt data for Poland
- Machinery and transport equipment (% of value added in manufacturing) — 21.83% (2023)
- Other manufacturing (% of value added in manufacturing) — 51.56% (2023)
- Textiles and clothing (% of value added in manufacturing) — 2.17% (2023)
- Food, beverages and tobacco (% of value added in manufacturing) — 18.5% (2023)
- Chemicals (% of value added in manufacturing) — 5.95% (2023)
- Adjusted savings, education expenditure (% of GNI) — 4.53% (2021)
- Adjusted savings, net forest depletion (current US$) — US$0 (2021)
- Adjusted savings, mineral depletion (current US$) — US$1.13 billion (2021)
- Adjusted savings, energy depletion (current US$)
Reading data like this
Questions people ask
- What is Poland's gross capital formation (annual % growth)?
- 4.8% in 2025, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).
- How has it changed since 1996?
- It is down 12.88 percentage points from 17.69% in 1996. The highest value was 24.65% in 2007 and the lowest -16.55% in 2023.
- How does Poland rank?
- 63rd highest of 123 economies with data for 2025.
- Is the latest change in gross capital formation (annual % growth) unusual for Poland?
- In 2025, Poland's gross capital formation (annual % growth) rose 0.15 percentage points on 2024 (from 4.65% to 4.8%). Across the 28 yearly changes before that (1997 to 2024), the average change was −0.47 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 14.1 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.0 standard deviations above that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.
Source
World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator NE.GDI.TOTL.KD.ZG, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB) Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.
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