Low & middle income: Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2023, Low & middle income's taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue) fell 0.03 percentage points on 2022 (from 27.01% to 26.98%).

Across the 14 yearly changes before that (2009 to 2022), the average change was +0.5 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 0.97 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.5 standard deviations below that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 2.34 percentage points in 2022 and the biggest yearly fall was 1.19 percentage points in 2016. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2014 to 2023 the straight-line trend is upward, about 0.53 percentage points a year. A straight line explains 86% of the movement over 10 observed years.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

A straight-line projection, tested first

Extending that straight line gives about 28.03% for 2026. We show this only because the same method, fitted on earlier years, predicted 2021 to 2023 better than "no change" would have: its average miss was 1.04%, against 1.45% for assuming no change. Treat it as a continuation of the recent pattern, not a forecast of events: it cannot see a recession, a policy change or a revision to the data.

See how a linear trend forecast works and the guide on forecasting without fooling yourself.

How it compares

See how every economy compares in the full ranking.

What this measures

Taxes on income, profits, and capital gains are taxes payable on the actual or presumed incomes, profits and capital gains. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of revenue which includes all transactions that add to the amount of economic value of a unit or sector.

Limitations: For most countries central government finance data have been consolidated into one account, but for others only budgetary central government accounts are available. Countries reporting budgetary data are noted in the country metadata. Because budgetary accounts may not include all central government units (such as social security funds), they usually provide an incomplete picture. In federal states the central government accounts provide an incomplete view of total public finance. Data on government revenue and expense are collected by the IMF through questionnaires to member countries and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a median.

All 16 values

Taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue) in nearby economies

• Afghanistan — 4.53% (2017)
• Bahrain — 0.32% (2020)
• Egypt, Arab Rep. — 24.11% (2015)
• Israel — 35.07% (2024)
• Jordan — 19.28% (2023)
• Lebanon — 7.84% (2024)
• Malta — 41.73% (2024)
• Morocco — 34.73% (2024)
• Saudi Arabia — 2.51% (2024)

More public sector data for Low & middle income

• Arms imports (SIPRI trend indicator values) — 12.76 billion (2025)
• Military expenditure (% of GDP) — 1.88% (2025)
• Military expenditure (current USD) — 761.02 billion (2025)
• Armed forces personnel, total — 20.41 million (2020)
• Armed forces personnel (% of total labor force) — 0.74% (2020)
• Military expenditure (% of general government expenditure) — 5.85% (2024)
• CPIA business regulatory environment rating (1=low to 6=high) — 2.97 (2025)
• CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high) — 3.1 (2025)
• CPIA economic management cluster average (1=low to 6=high)

Reading data like this

• Where to find free public data, and how to check it before you trust it — 2 min read
• Data analysis examples: 6 worked from one dataset — 3 min read
• Real change or random noise? A plain guide to reading your numbers — 2 min read

Questions people ask

What is Low & middle income's taxes on income, profits and capital gains (% of revenue)?

26.98% in 2023, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2008?

It is up 6.96 percentage points from 20.02% in 2008. The highest value was 27.01% in 2022 and the lowest 20.02% in 2008.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator GC.TAX.YPKG.RV.ZS, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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