Marshall Islands: Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2020, Marshall Islands' net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) rose 6.84 percentage points on 2019 (from -1.8% to 5.03%).

Across the 11 yearly changes before that (2009 to 2019), the average change was −0.5 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 2.28 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 3.2 standard deviations above that average, so it was unusually large compared with the rest of the record.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 6.84 percentage points in 2020 and the biggest yearly fall was 4.36 percentage points in 2019. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2011 to 2020 there is no clear straight-line trend: a straight line explains 9% of the movement over 10 observed years, so the value is moving around more than it is heading anywhere.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

How it compares

In 2020, Marshall Islands had the 2nd highest value of the 10 economies reporting that year. Higher is not always better: for some indicators the lowest value is the one to aim for. See the full ranking.

Closest to Marshall Islands in the 2020 ranking

• Micronesia, Fed. Sts. — 1st of 10: 6.93%
• St. Kitts and Nevis — 3rd of 10: -2.25%
• Bhutan — 4th of 10: -2.52%
• Jamaica — 5th of 10: -2.83%

What this measures

Net lending (+) / net borrowing (–) equals government revenue minus expense, minus net investment in nonfinancial assets. It is also equal to the net result of transactions in financial assets and liabilities. Net lending/net borrowing is a summary measure indicating the extent to which government is either putting financial resources at the disposal of other sectors in the economy or abroad, or utilizing the financial resources generated by other sectors in the economy or from abroad. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Limitations: For most countries central government finance data have been consolidated into one account, but for others only budgetary central government accounts are available. Countries reporting budgetary data are noted in the country metadata. Because budgetary accounts may not include all central government units (such as social security funds), they usually provide an incomplete picture. In federal states the central government accounts provide an incomplete view of total public finance. Data on government revenue and expense are collected by the IMF through questionnaires to member countries and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 13 values

Net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) in nearby economies

• Australia — -1.35% (2022)
• Cambodia — -3.33% (2023)
• Fiji — -2.21% (2024)
• Kiribati — -1.43% (2023)
• Korea, Rep. — -1.79% (2024)
• Lao PDR — 0.19% (2022)
• Macao SAR, China — 7.01% (2024)
• Malaysia — -4.15% (2024)
• Micronesia, Fed. Sts. — 6.93% (2020)
• Mongolia — 1.81% (2024)

More public sector data for Marshall Islands

• Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 1 data use score (scale 0-100) — 30 (2024)
• Statistical performance indicators (SPI): Pillar 3 data products score (scale 0-100) — 59.27 (2024)
• CPIA business regulatory environment rating (1=low to 6=high) — 2.5 (2025)
• CPIA debt policy rating (1=low to 6=high) — 2.5 (2025)
• CPIA economic management cluster average (1=low to 6=high) — 2.67 (2025)
• CPIA policy and institutions for environmental sustainability rating (1=low to 6=high) — 3 (2025)
• CPIA quality of budgetary and financial management rating (1=low to 6=high) — 2 (2025)

Reading data like this

• Where to find free public data, and how to check it before you trust it — 2 min read
• Data analysis examples: 6 worked from one dataset — 3 min read
• Real change or random noise? A plain guide to reading your numbers — 2 min read

Questions people ask

What is Marshall Islands's net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP)?

5.03% in 2020, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2008?

It is up 1.35 percentage points from 3.68% in 2008. The highest value was 5.03% in 2020 and the lowest -1.8% in 2019.

How does Marshall Islands rank?

2nd highest of 10 economies with data for 2020.

Is the latest change in net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) unusual for Marshall Islands?

In 2020, Marshall Islands' net lending (+) / net borrowing (-) (% of GDP) rose 6.84 percentage points on 2019 (from -1.8% to 5.03%). Across the 11 yearly changes before that (2009 to 2019), the average change was −0.5 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 2.28 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 3.2 standard deviations above that average, so it was unusually large compared with the rest of the record.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator GC.NLD.TOTL.GD.ZS, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Government Finance Statistics Yearbook and data files, International Monetary Fund (IMF) Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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