Lower middle income: Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2023, Lower middle income's gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP) fell 0.84 percentage points on 2022 (from 23.14% to 22.3%).

Across the 12 yearly changes before that (2011 to 2022), the average change was +0.25 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 1.52 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.7 standard deviations below that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 3.37 percentage points in 2011 and the biggest yearly fall was 1.76 percentage points in 2013. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2014 to 2023 there is no clear straight-line trend: a straight line explains 2% of the movement over 10 observed years, so the value is moving around more than it is heading anywhere.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

What this measures

Private investment covers outlays by the private sector (including private nonprofit agencies) on additions to its fixed domestic assets. Gross fixed capital formation includes acquisitions less disposals of fixed assets during the accounting period, including certain specified expenditures on services that add to the value of non-produced assets. This indicator is expressed as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) which is the total income earned through the production of goods and services in an economic territory during an accounting period.

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a weighted average.

All 14 values

Gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP) in nearby economies

• Bahrain — 26.53% (2024)
• Djibouti — 19.18% (2024)
• Egypt, Arab Rep. — 6.61% (2025)
• Lebanon — 1.21% (2024)
• Pakistan — 9.9% (2025)
• Saudi Arabia — 26.87% (2025)
• Syrian Arab Republic — 2.99% (2022)
• Yemen, Rep. — 5.35% (2018)

More economic policy & debt data for Lower middle income

• General government final consumption expenditure (current US$) — US$877.94 billion (2025)
• General government final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$) — US$770.63 billion (2025)
• General government final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) — 12.01% (2025)
• Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (current US$) — US$5.35 trillion (2025)
• Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (constant 2015 US$) — US$5.26 trillion (2025)
• Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure per capita (constant 2015 US$) — US$1,785 (2025)
• Households and NPISHs final consumption expenditure (% of GDP) — 73.21% (2025)

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Questions people ask

What is Lower middle income's gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP)?

22.3% in 2023, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2010?

It is up 2.18 percentage points from 20.12% in 2010. The highest value was 24.83% in 2012 and the lowest 20.06% in 2020.

Is the latest change in gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP) unusual for Lower middle income?

In 2023, Lower middle income's gross fixed capital formation, private sector (% of GDP) fell 0.84 percentage points on 2022 (from 23.14% to 22.3%). Across the 12 yearly changes before that (2011 to 2022), the average change was +0.25 percentage points and a typical year strayed about 1.52 percentage points from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 0.7 standard deviations below that average, so it was an ordinary year: it sits within the range of normal year-to-year movement.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator NE.GDI.FPRV.ZS, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: Country official statistics, National Statistical Organizations and/or Central Banks; National Accounts data files, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); Staff estimates, World Bank (WB) Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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