Eswatini: Total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e)

Key figures

What the numbers say

In 2023, Eswatini's total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e) fell 0.13 on 2022 (from -0.58 to -0.71).

Across the 22 yearly changes before that (2001 to 2022), the average change was −0.00472 and a typical year strayed about 0.11 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 1.2 standard deviations below that average, so it was larger than a typical year, though not out of the range seen before.

On record, the biggest yearly rise was 0.21 in 2013 and the biggest yearly fall was 0.29 in 2010. The numbers show how large and when, not why; for the cause, look at what happened in that country in those years.

From 2014 to 2023 there is no clear straight-line trend: a straight line explains 12% of the movement over 10 observed years, so the value is moving around more than it is heading anywhere.

Worked out from the yearly values above. How the checks work: standard deviation, z-scores and straight-line trends.

How it compares

In 2023, Eswatini had the 156th highest value of the 176 economies reporting that year. Higher is not always better: for some indicators the lowest value is the one to aim for. See the full ranking.

Closest to Eswatini in the 2023 ranking

• Samoa — 153rd of 176: -0.26
• São Tomé and Principe — 154th of 176: -0.27
• Micronesia, Fed. Sts. — 155th of 176: -0.51
• Comoros — 157th of 176: -1.2
• Tonga — 158th of 176: -1.71
• Papua New Guinea — 159th of 176: -2.18

What this measures

A measure of annual emissions of the six greenhouse gases (GHG) covered by the Kyoto Protocol (carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)) from the energy, industry, waste, agriculture, and land use, land use changes, and forestry (LULUCF) sectors, standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values. The measure is standardized to carbon dioxide equivalent values using the Global Warming Potential (GWP) factors of IPCC's 5th Assessment Report (AR5).

Limitations: Global GHG emissions are currently not directly measurable, but approaches for their estimation exist, and numerous sources exist to supply data for this indicator. Reputable scientific organizations produce these data for use for research, policy analysis, climate negotiations, and broader public communications. The estimated accuracy from fossil fuel combustion and industrial processes are quite high, as quantities of fossil fuels and other emissive materials (such as cement and steel) produced are well known. For these sectors, emissions estimates are roughly accurate to within 10% when aggregated to the global level and between 4% and 35% at the country level (Crippa et al., 2023).

Regional and income-group figures are computed by the World Bank as a sum.

All 24 values

Total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e) in nearby economies

• Angola — 138.69 (2023)
• Benin — 13.39 (2023)
• Botswana — 9.79 (2023)
• Burkina Faso — 74.73 (2023)
• Burundi — -7.23 (2023)
• Cabo Verde — 0.82 (2023)
• Cameroon — -36.24 (2023)
• Central African Republic — -147.59 (2023)
• Chad — 91.73 (2023)

More environment data for Eswatini

• Rural population — 920,507 (2025)
• Rural population (% of total population) — 73.28% (2025)
• Urban population — 335,667 (2025)
• Urban population (% of total population) — 26.72% (2025)
• Rural population growth (annual %) — 0.43% (2025)
• Urban population growth (annual %) — 2.85% (2025)
• Fertilizer consumption (kilograms per hectare of arable land) — 74.56 (2024)
• Agricultural land (sq. km) — 11,974 (2024)
• Agricultural land (% of land area) — 69.62% (2024)
• Arable land (hectares) — 177,000 (2024)

Reading data like this

• Where to find free public data, and how to check it before you trust it — 2 min read
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• Real change or random noise? A plain guide to reading your numbers — 2 min read

Questions people ask

What is Eswatini's total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e)?

-0.71 in 2023, according to the World Bank (World Development Indicators).

How has it changed since 2000?

It is down 48.19% from -0.48 in 2000. The highest value was -0.48 in 2007 and the lowest -0.97 in 2011.

How does Eswatini rank?

156th highest of 176 economies with data for 2023.

Is the latest change in total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e) unusual for Eswatini?

In 2023, Eswatini's total greenhouse gas emissions including LULUCF (Mt CO2e) fell 0.13 on 2022 (from -0.58 to -0.71). Across the 22 yearly changes before that (2001 to 2022), the average change was −0.00472 and a typical year strayed about 0.11 from that (the standard deviation). This year's change was 1.2 standard deviations below that average, so it was larger than a typical year, though not out of the range seen before.

Source

World Bank, World Development Indicators, indicator EN.GHG.ALL.LU.MT.CE.AR5, licensed CC BY 4.0. Original source: EDGAR (Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research) Community GHG Database, , uri: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg2024, publisher: JRC European Commission, date published: 2024; European Forest Observatory, uri: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/dataset_ghg2024, publisher: European Co… Figures are fetched from the World Bank API and refreshed monthly; see the series on data.worldbank.org. The full definition and method are in the World Bank's metadata glossary. Comparisons use the same World Bank release.

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